Yeast infections in dogs are quite common, especially if your dog is a breed with lots of wrinkles like a pug, bulldog, or shar-pei. Having wrinkly skin isn't the only factor when it comes to yeast …
Health
My Dog Keeps Staring At The Wall [What Does It Mean?]
There's no denying that some dog behaviors are simply odd. If you've ever caught your dog 'spacing out' and staring at a wall, for example, you might be confused by what's going on. It turns out, …
Understanding Dog Nutrition: Diet, Nutrients, and Beyond
Think of your dog as a highly trained athlete. The nutrition you give her will impact not only her overall performance, but it affects her well-being and her overall quality of life. Dogs need a …
Sundowners In Dogs: The Symptoms And Helping Your Dog Cope
Just like people, senior dogs can develop medical conditions as they age. If your senior dog seems out of sorts, it may be suffering from sundowners syndrome. Here is everything that …
Why Do Dogs Eat Their Vomit? It’s Pretty Normal.
Let's face it, humans think that eating your own vomit is gross, but our dogs don’t. For some reason, it's normal behavior for a dog. And they will also eat another animal’s vomit without any thought. …
20 Pet Friendly Indoor Plants
Indoor plants are amazing to have in your home! They are beautiful to look at and clean the air as they grow. Yet making sure that the plants you want don’t hurt the pets you love is a huge factor in …
Is Salt Bad For Dogs? Yes And No— Here’s Why
Pop Quiz: “Is salt bad for dogs?” If you are a dog owner who would like to know the answer to this question, you have definitely come to the right place. Here are some extremely …
How Long Should I Walk My Dog?
If my Border Collie was writing this article, she would answer the question with “forever!” Most dogs absolutely love going on walks and will get excited when you start showing the signs that they …
Why Is My Dog Losing Weight? [14 Reasons To Watch Out For]
The weight of your dog will vary over the years throughout its lifetime. Age, breed, health conditions, and whether or not the dog is neutered all play a role in weight. However, if you notice your …
Why Do Dogs Eat Rabbit Poop? [How To Stop Dog Coprophagia]
Dogs sometimes seem driven to put the grossest, most odd things in their mouths and swallow them down before you have a chance to intervene. Curious dogs can compulsively snap up cigarette butts, …
Broken Dog Tail? Here’s What You Should Do
Tails are part of the most significant organs of your dog's body and essential aid in their communication and balance. From how your dog wags his tail, you can tell whether he's happy, scared, or …
My Dog Ate Plastic! What Do I Do?
If your dog ate plastic, you have definitely come to the right place. Since plastic is pretty much everywhere in a home, it’s not too surprising that dogs sometimes get their paws on …
How To Help Your Dog Put On Weight [The Healthy Way!]
As a responsible dog owner, you want your pup to be a healthy weight, right? Here’s the thing: Many pups struggle with maintaining a “good” weight. If your pet struggles with being …
How To Make Dog Toothpaste [Using All-Natural Ingredients]
Dog dental hygiene is just as important as your own dental hygiene. Unfortunately, many pet owners neglect this aspect of caring for their dogs. Most dogs don't like being held down while you scrub a …
Over-The-Counter UTI Treatments For Dogs
Let’s face it: Urinary tract infections aren’t fun for humans or pups. The condition is often painful, causing humans and dogs to feel helpless. As a caring and responsible dog owner, it’s …
Clavacillin For Dogs: Antibiotic Drug For Your Sick Pet
If your dog contracts a bacterial infection, your vet might prescribe an antibiotic to fight off the illness. Clavacillin, also known as Clavamox, is a common antibiotic for both dogs and humans that …
My Dog Ate a Bee, What Do I Do?
One common characteristic of dogs is that they have great reflexes. Their unmatched reflexes particularly exist around their mouths. Although these reflexes have gains, they also present risks. For …
Cephalexin For Dogs [Is it Safe For Canine Infections?]
The quality of your dog's health is paramount. You want to ensure that your favorite pooch enjoys all aspects of its life, starting from the dog food it eats to medication, grooming, and hygiene. …
Famotidine For Dogs [Treating Canine Stomach Issues]
When your pup is suffering from heartburn and similar problems, it’s not a good day. Wouldn’t you agree? Such medical conditions can make your pup feel absolutely awful. In order to help your …
CBD Oil For Dogs VS Humans [What’s The Difference?]
As a pet owner, you often want to treat your dog the same way as other members of your family. You are concerned about its wellness and can easily go the extra mile to ensure that your dog is healthy …
Why Does My Dog Yawn So Much?
Having a dog is such a blessing. There's a reason a dog is man's best friend; after all, who else gives us unconditional love, tail wags, and sloppy kisses? However, having a pup raises a lot of …
Can Humans Get Worms From Dogs
Many dog lovers wonder if their four-legged friends can give them worms. It is a valid question, seeing as we treat our pet with varying pills and potions to ward off parasites, yet we do not take the …
Can I Give My Dog Zyrtec?
When something triggers your dog's allergies, you don't always have expensive allergy medication on hand. Sometimes, you just want to give your dog quick relief without making a trip to the vet. You …
Can I Give My Dog Imodium for Diarrhea?
I know you love your dog. Any discomfort or disease affecting it has you worried to the core. Has your dog ever experienced diarrhea? If yes, how did you treat it? When your dog is suffering from …
Osteoarthritis In Dogs [Early Signs and Proper Management]
As your dog gets older, they might have trouble getting around like they used to. Some dogs have difficulties climbing the stairs, running around outside, rolling over, and engaging in strenuous …
Bravecto Side Effects [And Ways To Treat Fleas And Ticks]
Not a day goes by that your dog doesn't come home with fleas and ticks hiding in their fur. You don't want to tell them to stop playing outside, but you're tired of dealing with these parasites every …
Trazodone For Dogs – Dosage, Uses, & More [Save Your Pup From Anxiety]
Many people often wonder if dogs also think or suffer from any emotional struggles. Well, dogs are like humans. They have emotions, and like humans, they suffer stress and anxiety sometimes. …
Autoimmune Disease In Dogs [Causes, Symptoms and Treatments]
For most of us, our animals are part of the family. But, unlike people, they cannot tell us when something is wrong, and it can be frightening when we notice symptoms of poor health in our …
11 DIY Dog Cone Ideas [Totally Easy E-Collars For Your Pet]
The apparent reaction for hitting your head on something is rubbing. The rubbing sensation blocks the soreness or pain, and you feel better. It is the same case with dogs when they lick their …
How to Make a Dog Throw Up (Cautions When Inducing Vomiting)
Making your dog vomit is one of the most unpleasant tasks for many dog owners. However, it's among the best ways to expel any poisonous substance from your dog's body and possibly save your pup's …
Loratadine For Dogs (Can I Give My Dog Claritin?)
Does your pup constantly itch and scratch? If you answered this question with a “yes,” your pup may be experiencing an allergic reaction. How do you treat an allergic reaction in pups? The …
Can Dogs Eat Radishes? Which Ones Are Safe For Your Pup?
It's very hard to tell your dog 'no' when he or she wants a bit of your food. While he or she definitely would love to try everything that is on your plate, the truth is that dogs and humans have very …
How Do Dogs Get Ringworm? Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment
Otherwise known by the medical term dermatophytosis, ringworm’s common name is quite deceptive as it is not a worm at all. It may be tempting to lump it in with the parasites that afflict dogs, such …
Old Dog Coughing And Gagging: What Does It Mean?
When your old dog coughs or gags, it is natural to dismiss the matter if it is a singular occurrence. After all, dogs can have small irritants drifting into their airways as well as experience choking …
Dog Drooling A Lot? Here’s What You Should Know And Do
When a dog drools excessively, it can be a symptom of an underlying health issue. If you have a dog that suddenly starts to drool, it's possible that he has something that is caught in his mouth or a …
Phenobarbital For Dogs (Treating Seizures In Dogs)
Does your pup experience many seizures? If you answered this question with a “yes,” you probably know how scary it is to watch your pup have a seizure. Many people are unaware that certain …
Can Dogs Have Ibuprofen?
Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and Aspirins are some of the most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that doctors commonly prescribe to ease pain, eliminate fever, and fight inflammation in …
Hemp Oil For Dogs: Everything You Need To Know
With hemp, CBD, and medical marijuana being legalized across the United States, thousands of people have experimented with hemp oil as an alternative form of treatment. Hemp oil is a dietary …
Is Coconut Oil Good For Dogs? Benefits, Uses, And Dosage
Coconut oil is one of the new trends for people looking to live a healthier lifestyle. Over the years, studies have shown that it has a lot of very impressive health benefits for people that use it. …
Can I Give My Dog Tylenol?
You’re back from your daily errands, call on your favorite furred friend, but its response gives you an instant clue that your dog is in pain. You don’t know when or how it began, but you can tell …
Puppy Shots Schedule: Vaccines And When To Get Them
Looking after a puppy is a delightful task but is accompanied by a daunting number of responsibilities. You are shaping the future of the dog that the pup will grow into as you nurture, reward good …
Can Dogs Eat Raw Meat? Here’s What You Need To Know
The Prey Model Raw (PMR) diet is one of the biggest health-related trends in recent years. Instead of feeding their dogs dried kibble, many owners have opted for raw meat, organs, ground bones, and …
Can Dogs Have ADHD? Treatments And Behavioral Modification
Dogs can suffer from mental illnesses just like humans. Across the United States, veterinarians have diagnosed dogs with depression, anxiety, PTSD, phobias, and other conditions. In recent years, vets …
Do Dogs Have Periods? Understanding Canine Estrous Cycle
There are a set of responsibilities for raising a dog from puppyhood if you are going to be a responsible owner. These include puppy vet visits, going through the stages of training, and keeping up …
Top Home Remedies For Dog Mange: 6 All-Natural Solutions
Mange looks bad, but it is treatable. If you consume television or news at all, you may well have seen images or videos of dogs in the horrific condition being rescued by benevolent animal rescues; …
Do Male Dogs Have Nipples? Facts You Need To Know
We humans can ponder some pretty unusual things sometimes. For instance, have you ever thought to yourself, "do male dogs have nipples?" Of course, just like human males, they do. They don't have a …
My Dog Likes Licking The Floor (What Does It Mean?)
Dogs lick because…they’re dogs! They lick their owners, furniture, themselves, and all kinds of other things because a canine’s tongue plays an essential role in understanding its surroundings. Being …
Can Dogs Eat Black Beans?
It's time to spill the beans about dogs and one plant-based protein source that dog owners have lots of questions about! First, you might be panicking because your dog "stole a quick bite" of the …
Can Dogs Have Tums? Safety Precautions You Need To Know
When you're suffering from a stomachache, you might reach for the Tums in the pantry. Dogs can suffer from stomachaches and acid reflux just as much as humans, although the signs can be …
High Fiber Foods For Dogs: Healthy Tummy, Healthy Puppy
Every dog owner wants their dogs to be happy and healthy. At the very least, dog owners will feed their pup well, play with him, and take him to the vet. While it’s important to make your pup feel …
Dog Dental Cleaning Cost and Other Oral Care Tips
Making sure that your dog is healthy is one of the most important things that you can do. The truth is, you owe it to both yourself and your dog to make sure that you do everything in your power to …
How Long Can Dogs Go Without Food?
Food is necessary for life. It provides us with the energy we need to get through the day and keeps working at night to keep our organs functioning properly. This process is accurate for every …
Can I Give My Dog Pedialyte? Rehydrating Tips For Pups
Did you know that dogs can also become severely dehydrated just like humans? Unfortunately, many pet owners are unaware of this extremely important fact. If your dog is experiencing any …
Can Dogs Eat Peppermint? Things To Watch Out For
It can be tempting to let your dog have virtually any treat that she asks for, especially when she starts giving you those puppy dog eyes and pulling out every trick she's ever learned in order to get …
Skin Tag On Dogs: How It Forms And The Treatments
Dog owners worry about their pets as many do their children. After all, they are part of the family! So, when you notice a new lump or unusual skin growths, it can be nerve-racking. Is it cancer? A …
What Peanut Butter Is Safe For Dogs?
Peanut butter is typically thought to be a treat for a dog, and most dogs love it. While it is usually a treat, for the most part, peanut butter is a great way to hide medication or even a good …
Labrador Lifespan: Life Expectancy And How To Prolong It
On average, a Labrador Retriever will have a life span of about 12 to 12 1/2 years. Recent studies have suggested the yellow and black Labs will live longer than chocolate labradors, which only live …
Benadryl Dosage For Dogs: How Much Is Safe?
Most people have taken Benadryl, which is helpful for various allergies, but many dog owners want to know if it's a medication they can safely give their dogs. What Is Benadryl? Benadryl is an …
Can I Give My Dog Pepto Bismol?
We never want our dogs to feel sick. It's not just that a sick dog can be messy, but rather that no one wants their furry pal to feel bad. Unfortunately, it can be tough to find a medication that can …
How Much Glucosamine Should Dogs Take?
If you are like most people, the very thought of watching your beloved canine companion struggle to get around is heartbreaking. Unfortunately, it's also a natural part of the aging process. In …
Can Dogs Eat Raw Pumpkin?
While humans love the taste of pumpkin, it's easy to assume that your dog would also love to eat pumpkin. Before you feed your dog raw pumpkin, it’s important to consider the advantages and …
Can You Give A Dog Melatonin?
All dogs can suffer from many of the same medical issues as humans, including separation anxiety, stress, and disruptive sleep patterns. A dog's sleeping position can tell you a lot …
Worms In Dog Poop: What It Means And How To Treat It
Finding worms in your dog’s poop is an unpleasant experience. Although it is a situation that should be taken seriously, it is not a reason to panic. Most intestinal worm infestations can be easily …
Can Dogs Eat Green Peppers?
A tasty and flavorful vegetable that you can add to any meal, green pepper is full of health benefits making them a great reason to add to your diet. If you think about it, the crunchiness of green …
How Long Do Chihuahuas Live?
The smallest dog breed in the world, Chihuahuas are the only "natural" toy breed, which means they are small naturally and not as the result of a generation of breeding down a larger breed. …
12 Signs Of Poisoning In Dogs
If you believe your dog has been poisoned, you can call the following numbers to get immediate help: ASPCA Poison Control - (888) 426-4435 Pet Poison Helpline - (800) 213-6680 A …
What Can I Give My Dog For Constipation?
In many cases, treating a dog for constipation is similar to treating a person for it. And, like their two-legged friends, it is always better to avoid the problem of constipation than to try to …
How To Comfort A Dog With Pancreatitis
Afflicting millions of dogs every year, pancreatitis is a condition that is characterized by inflammation of a dog’s pancreas. When your dog has received a pancreatitis diagnosis, it’s …
Do Dogs Get Headaches?
If you've ever looked at your dog and thought that it seemed like she had a headache, or even worse, a migraine, you might have been spot-on. Why migraines have long been associated with human beings, …
What Human Food Can I Feed My Diabetic Dog?
Believe it or not, dogs that have diabetes are pretty common these days. Approximately, one in a hundred dogs will develop diabetes after they are 12 years old. If you know of a dog that suffers from …
Can Dogs Have Ham Bones?
Media and cartoons have often portrayed a dog’s favorite treat as a scrumptious bone. However, that misconception is far from reality. Bones are actually pretty dangerous to feed to a dog, especially …
Can Dogs Be Allergic To Cats?
Dogs can suffer from many of the same health issues that humans do. One health concern that's common in dogs is allergies. What triggers the allergic reaction can vary from one dog to another. A dog …
How To Trim Dog Nails That Are Overgrown
Trimming a dog's nails isn't usually a pleasant experience for the dog or the owner. The problem is that most dog owners don't know how to clip their dog's nails. A lot of dog owners get tense when …
Can Dogs Eat Raw Potatoes?
The potato is just one of those basic staples that grace most meals. An essential comfort food, the potato is rarely looked at as a toxic ingredient, but it can be for a dog. So, can dogs eat …
How To Know When It’s Time To Put Your Dog Down
Many dogs will die of old age comfortably in their home while others will become ill or injured and have a quality of life that is significantly diminished as they grow old. When this happens, it can …
How Do Dogs Get Rabies?
Rabies is a disease caused by a virus found in the saliva of infected animals. In the United States of America, it is most commonly found in bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes but any wild mammal can …
Can Dogs Eat Corn Cobs?
Some dogs love the taste of corn on the cob, but it’s a tasty treat that is not safe for a dog and makes the list of what dogs can't eat. Many pet owners feel that it is okay for a dog too much on, …
What Is Flea Dirt?
If you have cats or dogs or have friends who do, you have probably encountered flea dirt. It is the tiny black specks you may have seen or felt when petting almost any furred animal. You may find it …
What Is Distemper In Dogs?
Though the name itself might not be scary, canine distemper is perhaps one of the most frightening terms that a pet owner can hear. This condition is not only very contagious as it can certainly be …
Separation Anxiety in Dogs: How To Help Your Pet Calm Down
When most people adopt a dog from a shelter or purchase it from a breeder, they visualize themselves giving their new dog the best life possible. They imagine cuddling sessions on the couch, long …
Do Dogs Sleep With Their Eyes Open?
You may just be getting ready for bed, but chances are your dog is sleeping already, snoring soundly and possessively taking over three-quarters of your bed. Dogs sleep a whole lot more than humans, …
Why Does My Dog Pee On My Bed?
All dog owners understand that their pets will sometimes have accidents. We all steel ourselves for the occasional puddle, but nothing can prepare you for seeing that your dog has decided to have one …
How Do Dogs Get Mange?
Dogs develop a parasitic infection called mange when certain types of mites embed themselves in the canine’s skin or hair follicles. These infestations involve two different types of mites, with one …
Is Rawhide Bad For Dogs?
Dogs have an instinctive need to chew. As young pups, it helps their teeth break through the gums and strengthens their jaw muscles. In adult dogs, the act of chewing can help to alleviate boredom and …
Is Your Dog Walking In Circles? Here’s What It Could Mean
Have you ever wondered why your dog walks around in a circle? Lots of dog owners ask this same question. Watching your dog walking around in circles can be confusing to a dog owner as well as …
What Does Catnip Do To Dogs?
Have you ever been curious about what catnip can do for your dogs? The answer to the question, "What does catnip do to dogs?" can be easily discovered. The truth of the matter is that catnip may have …
Can Dogs Eat Cat Food?
Has your dog been showing a craving for cat food? There are a number of reasons why this may be the case. Can dogs eat cat food? As it turns out, there is really nothing for you to worry about. Cat …
What Are Bully Sticks? Are They Safe For Dogs?
Let's face it – dogs can be the most loving and amazing souls on earth. They're loyal, dedicated, and are masters at divvying up unconditional love to their human companions. They can be highly …
Can Dogs Eat Rib Bones?
One of the biggest questions that we get from readers is whether or not dogs can eat rib bones. The question seems to come up a lot of times when people are having a BBQ and their dogs are roaming …
Can Dogs Have Celery?
Does your dog sometimes express a hankering for celery? It may be because that's what you are chomping on at the dinner table. Or it may be due to a curiosity that they have about this vegetable. In …
Low-Shedding Dogs: Hypoallergenic Breeds For Owners With Allergies
There are plenty of reasons to look for a dog that doesn't shed. Some people are concerned about the allergies of someone in the household, while others are simply looking for a dog that's not going …
Reverse Sneezing in Dogs: What is It, Exactly?
If you're a first-time dog owner, you've probably been quite upset by the loud, sudden noises that most experienced dog owners know as reverse sneezing. Definitely a scary-sounding phenomenon, but …
Can Dogs Eat Raw Chicken?
Maybe your dog just ate a rogue piece of raw chicken that slid off the cutting board or counter. Or, perhaps you are thinking of trying the growing trend of feeding your pup a raw-food diet and want …
Can Dogs Have Cantaloupe?
As a dog owner, you're probably curious about what your dog can and cannot eat. Your dog certainly wants to share whatever is on your plate, after all, and finding a good way to keep him or her seated …
Can Dogs Eat Tuna?
It's common for the best dog foods to contain some fish since it has a high protein level and contains important omega-3 fatty acids. The question is, can a dog eat tuna? The answer is that it …
Can Dogs Eat Pork?
If you've ever cooked bacon around your dog, you already know how your pup thinks he or she feels about pork. Since it's a fairly common part of many human diets, it's also one of those foods that …
What Can Dogs Not Eat? 23 Foods You Should Avoid
Dogs might love to beg for human foods, but not all human foods agree with them. In fact, some of the foods that we eat can actually be toxic for our pets. The ways that dogs' bodies metabolize food …
Can Dogs Eat Cabbage?
Your dog's diet can be tricky to plan. It's even more difficult to determine if your dog enjoys the food or is developing an upset stomach from it. One type of food that you may want to feed your dog …
How to Boil Chicken For Dogs
Boiled chicken isn’t something that sounds exciting, but your dog is always eager to gobble it down. Dogs love boiled chicken. Why do you ask? Well, it’s a nutritious, tasty, and healthy treat for a …
Can Dogs Eat Coconut?
Dogs are able to digest a range of foods from red meat to vegetables. While they are able to digest a lot of different foods, it doesn’t mean that they should eat them all. Some food that seems pretty …
Can Dogs Eat Bread?
If your dog is like most, you can't really leave a loaf of bread out unattended around him or her. Dogs will absolutely go after any bread product, taking it as quickly as they can and enjoying the …
Black Dog Poop: What It Means For Your Pet
It's amazing how important poop can be for your dog's health. While you might not want to clean it up even with the help of a pooper scooper, it's something that can tell you a lot about what's going …
Why Does My Dog Fart So Much?
Dog farts. They're part and parcel of owning a dog, a fact of life that no one really likes but that everyone accepts. Whether loud or silent, these farts are as much a part of a dog's existence as …
Yellow Dog Poop: Should You Be Concerned?
It can be odd to see your dog passing stool that is a yellow color. Typically, you expect a normal brown poop, but that yellow color can be disconcerting. It’s important to remember that any time your …
Dog Ear Cropping and Tail Docking: The Full Story
Adopting a pet is a huge responsibility. Doing so requires not only feeding and caring for your dog but making the choices that will improve his or her life. It's important, though, that you know …
Homemade Dog Ear Cleaner: DIY Solutions
A dog's ears are one of his or her most expressive parts. They're an important part of canine physiology and one that requires a little bit of extra attention. It makes sense, then, that dog owners …
Dog Teeth Chattering: What It Means For Your Pet
It's remarkably easy to assume that the behaviors you see in a dog are similar to those that you might see in another human. Unfortunately, not all behaviors track across species boundaries. If you …
Can Dogs Get Pimples?
No one likes to see a pimple. They look unpleasant most tend to feel the same way. If you love your dog, of course, you don't want to see a pimple on him or her. You may, however, wonder if you really …
How Much Is A Vet Visit?
It's harder to get a good medical plan than most might admit. It isn't that there aren't plenty of great doctors out there, but rather that going to see one can be prohibitively expensive even if you …
Do Dogs Get Colds?
No one likes having a cold. It's the exact kind of illness that makes you feel bad but that you can't really complain about, a miserable condition that does no one any good but that has no real cure. …
Is CBD Oil Safe For Dogs?
If you've paid any attention to health news in the last few years, you've probably at least heard mentions of all of the potential benefits of CBD oil. It's been recommended by its adherents for …
Do Dogs Get Hiccups?
It feels like almost anything that has to do with a dog can be a source of consternation. While something as simple as a hiccup may just sound like a funny noise, it's not all that surprising that …
Side Effects of CBD Oil in Dogs
CBD is more popular than ever. Touted as a miracle cure for everything from anxiety to nausea, it won't surprise most pet owners to find that there are plenty of businesses getting into the CBD space …
Why Do Dogs Eat Dirt?
Dog owners know that dogs can eat some pretty odd things. While we may not know exactly why dogs eat rocks, it can be an indication of more serious issues if you catch him eating just regular dirt. …
CBD Dosage For Dogs
One of the hottest trends in pet care is using CBD oil for dogs. Now that CBD is legal across the board, many pet owners have begun to see the benefits of using the substance with their pets. You may …
How To Express Anal Glands In Dogs
As a pet owner, it's your duty to make sure that your dog stays healthy. Sometimes this is a pleasant task, one full of long walks through the neighborhood and ensuring that your furry pal gets the …
Why Is My Dog Throwing Up White Foam?
Is there anything worse than dog vomit? The sound, the smell, even the texture - it's one of the worst things that your dog will ever produce, yet it's something with which you'll learn to deal if you …
What Kind Of Bones Are Safe For Dogs?
Few dog treats are more classic than bones. They're so common that most people immediately associate them with dogs, but the truth is that not all bones are actually good for dogs. In fact, there are …
How Many Teeth Do Dogs Have?
You probably have a good idea about the human mouth and the many teeth contained therein, but have you ever wondered "how many teeth do dogs have?" This article will seek to shed light on the realm of …
